Danesh web design studio problematic situation Case Study

Danesh web design studio problematic situation - Case Study Example In this paper, we will describe a "Problematic" situation in a Web Design Studio, we will review some of the most appropriate management science methods for analyzing the situation and recommend the most suitable method(s) that helps to resolve the problem.We will build a model of the problem based on the selected method(s) and will discuss the limitation of the model we have developed. Also, we will discuss the process of exploring the model, arriving at recommended actions and implementing these actions within the culture of the organization.Before we start describing the problematic situation, we have better have an overview of "Danesh Web Design Studio"1 web services and introduce the structure of the organization in brief. We will then identify the problematic situation in the company.Danesh Web Design Studio offers a complete package of affordable website design and development. From the initial process of taking inputs from clients, planning on the basis of such inputs to fina l implementation and testing - all are done using latest web-site designing technique and skills.They allow their customers to provide all kind of inputs. They develop the website, giving top priority to the intended audience/market and overall user experience. They constantly keep the customers informed and take their feedback during the job process.Some of the services they provide for their customers are "Website Management and Maintenance", "E-Commerce Solutions","Search Engine Optimisation","Design and Implementation of Web-Based Applications" and "Website re-Design".... One of the project manager lefted the company to join a software production team in canada. The problem was the failure in project delivery to customers in the appointee time. Each project was delivered to the customers with seven to twenty days delay. This caused the studio to cancel some of the newly received projects in order to accomplish the old orders in shortest possible time and this caused the company to loose 7 orders worth of $47500 in June 2006. Nothing in the studio's total structure was changed exept for the project management because the company had lost %33 of it's management power. This seemed to be the cause of the failure in delivering the orders in time but other factors like the productivity of the personnel and their expertise in the field they were working could be questioned too. Not all the orders have been the same, for example, an employee might have been assigned to an order which has not been in the scope of his knowlege no matter if he/she has taken the order because of a good income or it has been the manager's decision. In next section, we will have an overview to some of the most appropriate management science methods that seems they may help us resolve the issue in the shortest possible time. We will then select the most appropriate method to resolve the issue with. 2. Reviewing some of the most appropriate management science methods for analysing the situation "Management science, or MS, is the discipline of using mathematics, and other analytical methods, to help make better business decisions. While often considered synonymous with Operations research (OR), MS is differentiated by being generally thought to have a more practical, rather than academic, bent. Some of the fields that are englobed within Management Science

Renaissance Notes Essay Example for Free

Renaissance Notes Essay The 15th century artistic developments in Italy matured during the 16th century. The 15th century is thus designated the â€Å"Early Renaissance† and the 16th century the â€Å"High Renaissance†. Although there is no single style that defines the period, there is a distinct level of technical and artistic mastery that does. This is the age of Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Titian, artists whose works exhibit such authority, that later generations of artists relied on these works for instruction. These exemplary artistic creations further elevated the prestige of artists. Artists could claim divine inspiration, thereby raising visual art to a status formerly only given to poetry. Painters, sculptors, and architects were elevated to a new level and they claimed for their work a high position among the fine arts. Leonardo da Vinci (1452 1519) was born in the small town of Vinci, near Florence. He trained in the studio of Andrea del Verrocchio. He was brilliant man with many interests. His directions foreshadowed those that art and science would take in the future. A discussion of his many interests enhances our understanding of his artistic production. Those interests are seen in his Romulus sketchbooks filled with drawings and notes from his studies of the human body and natural world. He explored optics in-depth, allowing him to understand perspective, light, and color. His scientific drawings are artworks themselves. Leonardo’s ambition in painting, as well as science, was to discover the laws underlying the processes and flux of nature. Leonardo believed that reality in its absolute sense is inaccessible, and that humans can only know it through its changing images. He considered the eyes the most vital organs and sight the most essential function. In his notes, he repeatedly stated that all his scientific investigations made him a better painter. Around 1481, Leonardo left Florence, offering his services to Ludovico Sforza, duke of Milan. In his offer he highlighted his competence as a military engineer, mentioning his artistic abilities only at the end. This provided Leonardo with increased financial security and highlights the period’s instability. During his first trip to Milan Leonardo painted Virgin on the Rocks as a central panel of an altarpiece for the chapel of the confraternity of the Immaculate Conception in San Francesco Grande. The painting builds on Masaccio’s understanding and usage of Chiaroscuro. Modeling with light and shadow and expressing emotional states were, for Leonardo, the heart of painting. A good painting has two chief objects to paint man and the intention of his soul. The former is easy, the latter hard, for it must be expressed by gestures and the movement of the limbs A painting will only be wonderful for the beholder by making that which is not so appear raised and detached from the wall. Leonardo presented the figures in Virgin of the Rocks in a pyramidal grouping and more notably, as sharing the same environment. This groundbreaking achievement the unified representation of objects in an atmospheric setting was a manifestation of scientific curiosity about the invisible substance surrounding things. The Madonna, Christ Child, infant John the Baptist, and angel emerge through nuances of light and shade from the half light of the cavernous visionary landscape. Light veils and reveals the forms, immersing them in a layer of atmosphere that exists between them and the viewer. Atmospheric perspective is in full view. The figures actions unite them; prayer, pointing, and blessing. The angel points to the infant John. His outward glance involves spectators out of view, perhaps the viewers of the painting. John prays to the Christ Child and is blessed in return. The Virgin herself completes the series of interlocking gestures, her left hand resting protectively on John’s shoulder. The mood of tenderness, enhanced by caressing light, suffuses the entire composition. Leonardo succeeded in expressing â€Å"the intention of his soul.† For the refectory of the church of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan, Leonardo painted Last Supper. Despite its ruined state (in part from Leonardo’s unfortunate experiments with his materials) and although it has often been restored ineptly, the painting is Leonardo’s most formally and emotionally impressive work. Christ and his twelve disciples are seated at a long table set parallel to the picture plane in a simple, spacious room. Leonardo amplified the drama by placing it in an austere room. Christ with outstretched hands, has just said, â€Å"one of you is about to betray me† Matt 26:21. A wave of intense excitement passes through the group as each disciple asks himself or his neighbor, â€Å"Is it I?† In the center, Christ appears isolated from the disciples and in perfect repose, while emotion swirls around him. The central window in the back frames Christ and has a curving pediment above it. The arc serves as a diffused halo. Christ’s head is the location of the single vanishing point on which the orthogonals converge, further emphasizing Christ. Leonardo presented the agitated disciples in four groups of three, united among and within themselves by the figures’ gestures and postures. The artist sacrificed traditional iconography to pictorial and dramatic consistency by placing Judas on the same side of the table as Jesus and the other disciples. His face in shadow, Judas clutches a money bag in his right hand and reaches his left forward to fulfill the Master’s declaration† :But yeah behold, the hand of him that betrayeth me is on the table† Luke 22:21. The two disciples on the end contain the action by their quiet composure. Leonardo’s, Mona Lisa is the world’s most famous portrait. The sitter’s identity is not certain, but Vasari asserted that she is Lisa di Antonio Maria Gherardini, the wife of a wealthy Florentine hence, â€Å"Mona (an Italian contraction of ma donna, â€Å"my lady†) Lisa.† It is notable because it is a convincing representation of an individual, rather than serving as an icon of status. The ambiguity of the famous â€Å"smile† is really the consequence of Leonardo’s fascination and skill with chiaroscuro and atmospheric perspective. Her they serve to disguise rather than reveal a human psyche. The artist subtly adjusted the light and blurred precise planes Leonardo’s famous smokey sfumato (misty haziness) rendering the facial expression hard to determine. The lingering appeal of Mona Lisa derives in large part from Leonardo’s decision to set his subject against the backdrop of a mysterious uninhabited landscape. Originally Leonardo represented Mona Lisa in a loggia with columns. The painting was cropped later on (not by Leonardo) and the columns were eliminated. The remains of the column bases may still be seen to the left and right of Mona’s shoulders. Leonardo completed very few paintings; his perfectionism, relentless experimentation, and far ranging curiosity diffused his efforts. The drawings in his notebooks preserve an extensive record of his ideas. His interests focused increasingly on science in his later years, and he embraced knowledge of all facets of the natural world. One example is The Fetus and Lining of the Uterus, although not up to 20th century standards for accuracy, it was an astounding achievement in its day. Though not the first scientist, Leonardo certainly originated a method of scientific illustration, especially cutaway and exploded views. Scholars have long recognized the importance of these drawings for the development of anatomy as a science, especially in an age predating photographic methods such a X rays. Leonardo was well known as an architect and sculptor in his lifetime, but no existing building or sculptures can be attributed to him. From his drawings he was interested in the central style plan of buildings. Leonardo left numerous drawings of monumental equestrian statues of which one was made into a full scale model for a monument to Francesco Sforza (Ludovico’s). The French used it for a target and shot it to pieces when they occupied Milan in 1499. Due to the French, Leonardo left Milan and served for a while as a military engineer for Caesar Borgia, who, with the support of his father, Pope Alexander VI, who tried to conquer the cities of the Romagna region in North Central Italy and create a Borgia duchy. At a later date, Leonardo returned to Milan in the service of the French. At the invitation of King Francis I, he then went to France, where he died at the Chateau of Cloux in 1519. Julius II: The Warrior Pope Pope Julius II (Giuliano della Rovere (1503 1513), was an individual whose interests and activities effected the course of the High Renaissance. Julius II was a very ambitious man who indulged his enthusiasm for battle in a supposed quest to expand the church and the Kingdom of Heaven by worldly means. This earned him a designation as the â€Å"warrior pope†. He selected his name Julius after Julius Caesar, and he ran the papacy using the Roman Empire as his model. Julius II’s papacy was notable for his contributions to the arts. He was an avid art patron and understood well the propagandistic value of visual imagery. After his election as pope, he immediately commissioned artworks that would present an authoritative image of his rule and reinforce the primacy of the Catholic Church. He commissioned a new design for Saint Peter’s basilica, the construction of his tomb, the painting of the Sistine Chapel ceiling, and the decoration of the papal apartments. These large scale projects clearly required considerable finances. Because of this need, Julius sanctioned the huge increase in the selling of indulgences as a way to raise the revenue needed to fund the art, architecture, and the lavish papal lifestyle. This perception prompted disgruntlement among the faithful. Despite his exceptional artistic legacy, Julius II’s patronage contributed to the rise of the Reformation. Saint Peter’s Old Saint Peter’s had fallen into considerable disrepair and did not fit Julius II’s taste for the large, colossal, and glorious. He wanted control over all Italy and make the Rome of the Pope’s as glorious as or greater than that of the Caesars. This important commission was awarded to Donato D’Angelo Bramante (1444 1514). Bramante was trained as a painter. He went to Milan in 1481 and stayed till the French arrived in 1499. In Milan he abandoned painting and went on to become the most renowned architect of his generation. Influenced by Brunelleschi, Alberti, and perhaps Leonardo, who favored antiquity, Bramante developed the High Renaissance form of the central plan church. Bramante originally conceived the new Saint Peter’s to consist of a cross with arms of equal length, each terminated by an apse. Julius II intended the new building to serve as a martyrium to mark Saint Peter’s grave and also hoped to have his own tomb in it. A large dome would have covered the crossing, and smaller domes over the subsidiary chapels would have covered the diagonal axes of the roughly squared plan. The ambitious plan called for a boldly sculptural treatment of the walls and piers under the dome. His design for the interior space was complex in the extreme, with the intricate symmetries of a crystal. It is possible to detect in the plan nine interlocking crosses, five of them supporting domes. The scale was so titanic that, according to sources, Bramante boasted he would place the dome of the Pantheon over the Basilica Nova. During Bramante’s lifetime, the actual construction on the new Saint Peter’s basilica did not advance beyond the building of the crossing piers and the lower choir walls. After his death, the work passed on to other architects and finally to Michelangelo, whom Pope Paul III appointed in 1546 to complete the building. Not until the 17th century did the Church oversee the completion. An earlier building completed by Bramante is considered the perfect prototype of classical domed architecture for the Renaissance and after. The building is called Tempietto â€Å"Little Temple† because to contemporaries it had the look of a Roman pagan temple. The lower story was directly inspired by the round temples of Roman Italy that Bramante would have know in Rome. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain commissioned the Tempietto to mark the conjectural location of Saint Peter’s crucifixion. Available information suggests the project was commissioned in 1502, but there is dispute over the date. Bramante relied on the composition of volumes and masses and on a sculptural handling of solids and voids to set apart this building, all but devoid of ornament, from the structures built in the preceding century. Standing inside the cloister along side the church of San Pietro in Montorio, Rome, and the Tempietto resembles a sculptured reliquary and would have looked even more like one inside the circular colonnaded courtyard Bramante planned for it but never executed. At first glance, the structure seems severely rational with its circular stylobate and Tuscan style colonnade. Wonderful harmony is achieved in the relationship of the parts (dome, drum, and base) to one another and to the whole. Conceived as a tall domed cylinder projecting from a wider lower cylinder of the colonnade, this building incorporates all the qualities of a sculpted monument. There is a wonderful rhythmic play of light and shadow on the form. Although the Tempietto may superficially resemble a Greek tholos, the combination of parts and details was new and original. If one of the main differences between Early and High Renaissance styles of architecture was the former’s emphasis on detailing flat wall surfaces versus the latter’s sculptural handling of architectural masses, then Tempietto certainly broke new ground and stood at the beginning of the High Renaissance. The architect Andrea Palladio credited Bramante as the â€Å"first to bring back to light the good and beautiful architecture from antiquity to that time had been hidden.† Round in plan, it is elevated on a base that isolates it from its surroundings. Michelangelo The artist whom Pope Julius II deemed best able to convey his message was Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475 1564), who received some of the most coveted commissions. Though a man of many talents, architect, sculptor, painter, poet, and engineer, he thought of himself first as a sculptor. He regarded sculptor as a superior calling to painter because the sculptor shares in something like the divine power to â€Å"make man.† Drawing a conceptual parallel to Plato’s ideas, Michelangelo believed that the image produced by the artists hand must come from the idea in the artist’s mind. The idea, then, is the reality that the artist’s genius has brought forth. But artists are not the creators of the ideas they conceive. Rather they find their ideas in the natural world, reflecting the absolute idea, which, for the artist, is beauty. One of Michelangelo’s best known observations about sculpture is that the artist must proceed by finding the idea the image locked in the stone, as it were. Thus, by removing the excess stone, the artist extricates the ideas, like Pygmalion bringing forth the living form. Michelangelo felt that the artist works through many years at this unceasing process of revelation and â€Å"arrives late at novel and lofty things.† Michelangelo sharply broke from his predecessors in a very important respect. He mistrusted the application of mathematical methods as guarantees of beauty in proportion. Measure and proportion, he believed, should be â€Å"kept in the eyes.† Vasari quotes Michelangelo as declaring that â€Å"it was necessary to have the compasses in the eyes and not in the hand, because the hands work and the eye judges.† Thus Michelangelo went against Vitruvius, Alberti, Leonardo, and others by asserting that the artist’s inspired judgment could identify other pleasing proportions. He believed that the artist must not be bound, except by the demands made by realizing the idea. This insistence on the artist’s own authority was typical of Michelangelo and anticipated the modern concept of the right of self expression of talent limited only by the artist’s own judgment. The artistic license to aspire far beyond the â€Å"rules† was, in part, a manifestation of the pursuit of fame and success that humanism fostered. In this context, Michelangelo designed architecture and created paintings that departed from High Renaissance regularity. He put in its stead a style of vast, expressive strength conveyed through complex, eccentric, and often titanic forms that loom before the viewer in tragic grandeur. Michelangelo’s self imposed isolation, creative furies, proud independence, and daring innovations led Italians to speak of the dominating quality of the man and his work in one word -terribilita, the sublime shadowed by the awesome and the fearful. David In 1501, the Florence Cathedral building committee asked Michelangelo to work a great block of marble left over from an earlier aborted commission. From this stone, Michelangelo crafted David, which assured his reputation then and now as an extraordinary talent. The form and its references to classical antiquity appealed to Julius II who associated himself with the humanists and Roman emperors. This sculpture and the acclaim that accompanied its completion lead to Michelangelo’s papal commissions. Like other David sculptures, Michelangelo’s had a political dimension. With the political instability of the time, Florentines viewed David as the symbolic defiant hero of the Florentine republic, especially given the statue’s placement near the west door of the Palazzo della Signoria. Forty years after David’s completion, Vasari extolled the political value of David claiming that â€Å"without a doubt the figure has put in the shade every other statue, ancient or modern, Greek or Roman this was intended as a symbol of liberty for the palace, signifying that just as David protected his people and governed them justly, so whoever ruled Florence should vigorously defend the city and govern it with justice.† Michelangelo depicted David, not in victory, but turning his head sternly watching the approaching foe. His whole body and face is tense with gathering power. This energy in reserve is characteristic of Michelangelo’s later figures. The Roman sculptor’s skill in precise rendering of heroic physique impressed Michelangelo. In David, without strictly imitating the antique style, Michelangelo captured the Lysippan athletes and the emotionalism of Hellenistic statuary. This David differs from Donatello’s and Verrocchio’s as Hellenistic statues depart from classical ones. Michelangelo abandoned the self contained compositions of the 15th century David statues by giving David’s head the abrupt turn toward Goliath. Michelangelo’s David is compositionally and emotionally connected to an unseen presence beyond the statue; a quality in Hellenistic sculpture. As early as David, Michelangelo invested his efforts in presenting towering pent up emotion rather than calm ideal beauty. Julius II’s Tomb The first project Julius II commissioned from Michelangelo in 1505 was the pontiffs own tomb. The original design called for a freestanding two story structure with some 28 statues. This colossal monument would have given Michelangelo the latitude to sculpt numerous human statues while providing the pope with a grandiose memorial which Julius intended to be in St. Peter’s. Shortly after the project began, it was interrupted, possibly because funds had to be diverted to Bramante’s building of St. Peters. After Julius II’s death in 1513, Michelangelo was forced to reduce the scale of the project step by step until, it became a simple wall tomb with one third of the originally planned figures. The tomb was completed in 1545 and was placed in San Pietro in Vincoli, Rome, where Julius at one time had been a cardinal. It is with surety that the ambitious Julius II would have been bitterly disappointed. The spirit of the tomb may be summed up in the figure of Moses, which Michelangelo had completed in 1513, during a sporadic resumption of work. It was meant to be seen from below and to be balanced with seven other massive forms related to it in spirit. The position of Moses now in his rather paltry setting’ does not have its original impact. Michelangelo depicted the Old Testament prophet seated, the Tablets of the Law under one arm and his hands gathering his voluminous beard. The horns were a recognizable convention to identify Moses. Michelangelo used the turned head, which concentrates the expression of awful wrath that stirs in Moses’ powerful frame and eyes. The muscles bulge, the veins swell, and the great legs seem to begin slowly to move with pent up energy. Originally 20 sculptures of slaves in various attitudes of revolt and exhaustion, appear on the tomb. Bound Slave is one of those sculptures. Scholars question whether this sculpture and three other slave sculptures should have been part of Julius’s tomb. Many scholars also reject their identification as â€Å"slaves† or â€Å"captives.† What ever their intended purpose they are definitive. The figures do not represent an abstract concept, as in medieval allegory, but embody powerful emotional states associated with oppression. Michelangelo based his whole art on his conviction that whatever can be said greatly through sculpture and painting must be said through the human figure. The Sistine Chapel With the suspension of the tomb project, Julius gave the bitter and reluctant Michelangelo the commission to paint the Sistine Chapel in 1508. Michelangelo gave in hoping that the tomb commission would be revived. He faced enormous difficulties in painting the Sistine ceiling. He was inexperienced in fresco painting. The ceiling was some 5,800 square feet of surface to be covered and it was 70 feet above the ground. The vault’s height and curve created complicated perspective problems. Yet, in less than four years, Michelangelo produced an unprecedented work a monumental fresco incorporating the patron’s agenda, Church doctrine, and the artist’s interests. The theme of the creation, the fall, and the redemption of humanity weave together more than 300 figures. A long sequence of narrative panels describing the Creation as recorded in Genesis, runs along the crown of the vault. The Hebrew prophets and pagan sibyls who foretold the coming of Christ appear seated in large thrones on both sides of the central row of scenes from Genesis where the vault curves down. In the four corner pendentives are placed four Old Testament scenes with David, Judith, Haman, and Moses and the Brazen Serpent. Scores of lesser figures also appear. The ancestors of Christ fill the triangular compartments above the windows, nude youths punctuate the corners of the central panels and small pairs of putti (cherub little boys) support the painted cornice surrounding the entire central corridor. The overall concept a sweeping chronology of Christianity was keeping with Renaissance ideas about Christian history. Such ideas include interest in the conflict between good and evil and between the energy of youth and the wisdom of age. The conception of the entire ceiling was astounding in itself, and the articulation of it in its thousand details was a superhuman achievement. One of the ceilings central panels, the Creation of Adam, is also one of the most famous. Michelangelo created a bold, entirely humanistic interpretation of the momentous event. God and Adam confront each other in a primordial unformed landscape of which Adam is still a material part. The Lord transcends the earth, wrapped in a billowing cloud of drapery and borne up by his powers. Life leaps to Adam like a spark from the extended hand of God. The communication between Gods and man was common in myth and the connection here is clear. It emphasizes how High Renaissance thought joined classical and Christian traditions. Beneath the Lord’s sheltering arm is a female figure comprehensive but uncreated. Scholars traditionally have believed this to be Eve, but recent scholarship suggests that it may be the Virgin Mary with the Christ Child at her knee. If this is true, Michelangelo incorporated into the fresco the basic tenets of the Christian faith. Raphael While Michelangelo was working on the Sistine Ceiling, Pope Julius II commissioned Raphael (1483 1520) to decorate the papal apartments in 1508. Raphael painted the Stanza della Segnatura (Room of the Signature the papal library) and the Stanza d’Eliodoro (Room of Heliodorus). His pupils completed the other rooms, following his sketches. On the Four walls in the Stanza della Segnatura, under the headings of Theology (Disputa), Law (Justice), Poetry (Parnassus), and Philosophy (School of Athens), Raphael presented images that symbolize and sum up Western learning as Renaissance society understood it. The frescos refer to the four branches of human knowledge and wisdom while pointing out the virtues and learning appropriate to a pope. Given Julius II’s desire for recognition as both a spiritual and temporal leader, it is appropriate that the Theology and Philosophy frescos face each other. The two images present a balanced picture of the pope as a cultured, knowledgeable, individual, on the one hand, and as a wise, divinely ordained religious authority on the other. The Philosophy mural (the so called School of Athens) is the setting not of a school but a congregation of the great philosophers and scientists of the ancient world. Raphael depicted these luminaries rediscovered by Renaissance thinkers conversing and explaining their various theories and ideas. In a vast hall covered by massive barrel vaults that recall Roman architecture (and approximate the appearance of the new Saint Peter’s in 1509 when the painting was executed), colossal statues of Apollo and Athena, patron gods of the arts and of wisdom, oversee the interactions. Plato and Aristotle serve as the central figures around whom Raphael carefully arranged others. Plato holds his book Timaeus and points to heaven, the source of his inspiration, while Aristotle carries his book Nichomachean Ethics and gestures toward the earth, from which his observations of reality sprang. On Plato’s side are the ancient philosophers, men concerned with the ultimate mysteries that transcend this world. On Aristotle’s side are the philosophers and scientists concerned with the nature of human affairs. At the lower left, Pythagoras writes as a servant holds up the harmonic scale. In the foreground, Heraclitus (probably a portrait of Michelangelo) broods alone. Diogenes sprawls on the steps. At the right, students are around Euclid, who demonstrates a theorem. This group is especially interesting; Euclid may be the portrait of the aging Bramante. At the extreme right, just to the right of the astronomers Zoroaster and Ptolemy, both holding globes, Raphael included his own portrait. The figures’ self assurance and natural dignity convey the very nature of calm reason that balance and measure the great Renaissance minds so admired as the heart of philosophy. In this work Raphael placed himself among the mathematicians and scientists. His convincing depiction of a vast perspective space on a two dimensional surface was the consequence of the union of mathematics, with pictorial space, here mastered completely. All the characters in the School of Athens, communicate moods that reflect their beliefs, and the artist’s placement of each figure tied these moods together. From the center, Raphael arranged groups of figures in an elliptical movement around Plato and Aristotle. It seems to swing forward, looping around the two foreground groups on both sides and then back again to the center. Moving through the wide opening in the foreground around the floor’s perspective pattern, the viewer’s eye penetrates the assembly of philosophers and continues, by way of the reclining Diogenes, up to the here reconciled leaders of the two great opposing camps of Renaissance philosophy. The perspective’s vanishing point falls on Plato’s left hand, drawing the viewer’s attention to Timaeus. In the works in the Stanza della Segnatura, Raphael reconciled and harmonized not only the Platonists and Aristotelians but also paganism and Christianity, surely a major factor in his appeal to Julius II. Galatea Pope Leo X (Giovanni de Medici, 1513 1521), the son of Lorenzo de Medici, succeeded Julius II as Raphael’s patron. Leo was a worldly, pleasure loving prince who spent huge amounts on the arts. Raphael moved in the highest circles of the papal court, the star of a brilliant society. He was young, handsome, wealthy, and adulated, not only by his followers, but also by Rome and all Italy. Genial, even tempered, generous, and high minded. Raphaels personality contrasted with the mysterious and aloof Leonardo, or the tormented and obstinate Michelangelo. The Pope was not Raphael’s only patron. His friend Agostino Chigi, an immensely wealthy banker who managed the papal state’s financial affairs, commissioned Raphael to decorate his palace, the Villa Farnesina, on the Tiber with scenes from classical mythology. Outstanding among the frescos was Galatea, which Raphael based on Metamorphoses, by the ancient Roman poet Ovid. In Raphael’s fresco, Galatea flees from her uncouth lover, the Cyclops Polyphemus, on a shell drawn by leaping dolphins. Sea creatures and playful cupids surround her. The painting erupts in unrestrained pagan joy and exuberance, an exultant song in praise of human beauty and zestful love. Raphael enhanced the liveliness of the composition by placing the sturdy figures around Galatea in bounding and dashing movements that always return to her energetic center. The cupids, skillfully foreshortened, repeat the circling motion. Raphael conceived his figures sculpturally. Galatea’s body is strong and vigorous in motion suggesting the spiraling motion of Hellenistic statuary, and contrasting with Botticelli’s, almost dematerialized Venus. Pagan myth presented in monumental form, in vivacious movement, and a spirit of passionate delight resurrects the naturalistic art and poetry of the classical world. Pope Paul III Pope Paul III maintained the lavish lifestyle of previous popes and was a great patron of the arts. He commissioned a palace for himself while he was still Cardinal Farnese. The Palazzo Farnese in Rome was designed by Antonio Da Sangallo the Younger (1483 1546) who established himself as the favorite architect of Pope Paul II and received many commissions that might have otherwise gone to Michelangelo. Antonio was from a family of architects and was an assistant and draftsman for Bramante. Antonio built fortifications for almost the entire papal state and received more commissions for military than for civilian architecture. The Palazzo Farnese set the standard for the High Renaissance palazzo and fully expresses the classical order, regularity, simplicity, and dignity of the High Renaissance. It was finished by Michelangelo after Antonio’s death in 1546. The Last Judgment Many of Pope Paul III’s commissions were part of an orchestrated campaign to restore the prominence of the Catholic Church in wake of the Protestant Reformation. The Reformation was the result of widespread dissatisfaction with the leadership and practices of the Catholic Church. Led by Clerics such as Martin Luther (1483 1546) and John Calvin (1509 1564) the Reformation directly challenged papal authority. The disgruntled Catholics voiced concerns about the sale of indulgences, nepotism, and high Church officials pursuing personal wealth. This reform movement resulted in the establishment of Protestantism, with sub groups such as Lutheranism and Calvinism. Central to Protestantism is a belief in personal faith rather than adherence to decreed Church practices and doctrines. This personal relationship between an individual and God, in essence eliminated the need for Church intercession central to Catholicism.

The Pros and Cons of Communism :: Communism Essays

Communism: How Bad Can It Be? Everybody in my class liked Mr. Debenedetto the social studies teacher. He barely gave homework and class was fun. Who would not like him? This was one of the few classes for me to be listening intently. I was interested in the topic we were currently studying: communism. We were discussing about how America was always against communism whether it be the Vietnam War or the Cold War. At that time I did not know the true meaning of communism. The textbook definitions were always wordy and confusing. What does â€Å"a theory or system of social organization based on the holdings of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state† (dictionary.reference.com/browse/communism) suppose to mean? In addition, I recall a conversation with my dad. I had asked him, â€Å"Why is communism so bad?† He responded by saying, â€Å"Don’t be stupid. Who told you that? If communism is so bad, why is China so successful nowadays? Did you know that China lends money to America?† Even to this day, I keep thinking about his comment. Who started the idea of communism? What is a communistic society like? Why does America think it is so bad? Through researching, I hope to answer these questions and others that may pop up. My history teacher, Ms. Shuman, while discussing communism, said that China is not meant to be any other type of government: â€Å"A county with that many people can’t be a democracy; the population will not be controlled. China is fit to be communistic.† Obviously, before trying to find out if communism is bad, I have to find out what communism is. To find general information on communism, I browsed the Internet and found a Website on political ideas. A pure communism society would involve everyone sharing everything equally and everybody providing a service for others (www.allaboutphilosophy.org/communism.htm) So from this a new question arose: If countries are trying to be communism, then why is it so bad? Looking for general information on the history of communism, I went to my local library. The librarian looked into the database and found only two books. One of which, Communism by Nigel Ritchie, I thought was going to be an easy read since it was a picture book. However my intuition was wrong. The book gave me a lot of information on communism’s history, but there were so many political words that I needed to look up such as socialism and capitalism.

My Journey With Reading and Writing :: Education Teaching

My Journey With Reading and Writing There have not been many obstacles that have gotten in my way for me to be a successful reader. I am able to confidently read "Hope in the Unseen" because it keeps my interest. I like the story. I feel for Cedric. I imagine and picture the story in my mind. When a large amount of reading is assigned, sometimes my brain gets exhausted and I have to take a break. Literally my brain gets tired. The reason why I have trouble getting all of my assignments in for "Writing and Being" is because the book does not hold my interest. I find it boring at times. I really like "Higher Learning" because the stories are like short stories, and they are adventurous in a weird way. I have gained some insight from certain readings. "Who Shall I Be" really struck me in a good way. It talks about the reality of positive and negative consequences resulting from some sort of change. Changes can be dangerous at times. Not physically, but mentally. I guess it could be physical in some situations. I feel I have become a more mature reader since high school. Reading experience leads to reading success. That’s my opinion. I used to not be able to focus when I read, but you just have to stick it out and read and read and read. I feel I am a focused reader now, I try hard. I have also gained mental reading confidence. You break that down. The greatest difficulty that I came across doing the first essay was retracing the past, retracing the sadness. Having to bring back sad memories that made my life terrible at the time. Doing the essay, I learned that I have gone through a lot of crap. I was sinking in quicksand and now I stand on the quicksand like it is rock solid. I am proud of myself. I was able to turn my life around and be the person that I am today. I might have the potential to be a good writer someday. People compliment on my writing skills every now and then when I write something long. That makes me feel like a real student. I say that because an old History teacher of mine used to tell kids to be students when they were not doing their work. My biggest concern these days, is whether I will be able to survive in college.

Health Cruises Case

Health Cruises Case Read the Health Cruises Case and submit answers to the following questions. 1. What is the minimum number of passengers Health Cruises must sign up by November 20th to break even? [show your calculations] Considering that an average ticket price is $1500 and the cost per passenger is $200, each sold ticket generates $1,300 of the positive cash flow. Since $295,000 of the initial capital had been spent by November 14th, the following minimum number of passengers must sign up in order for Health Cruises to break even provided no more money is invested: Minimum passengers to break even = $295,000 / $1,300 = 227. 2. Should Health Cruises go ahead with the cruise since 200 people have signed up by November 14th? Why or why not? Health Cruises should go ahead with the cruise in any event. If the cruise is canceled, $295,000 of the already spent capital would become a total loss. Even if no more passengers sign up, the loss would be only $35,000, i. e. (200 * $1,300) – $295,000. 3. The advertising agency has proposed two alternative campaigns to help fill the boat. One will cost $6000 and the other would cost $15,000. Which would you suggest? [again, show your calculations]. If 20 additional passengers sign up and pay on average $1,500 as expected with the limited advertising campaign which cost $6,000, the net earnings (loss) of the cruise will be as followed: EBIT = (220 * $1,300) – ($295,000 + $6,000) = -$15,000. (A loss of $15,000) If 40 additional passengers sign up and pay on average $1,500 as expected with the more ambitious advertising campaign, the net earnings of the cruise will be as followed: EBIT = (240 * $1300) – ($295,000 + $15,000) = $15,500. (A profit of $15,500) To summarize, the ambitious advertising campaign is more beneficial for the Health Cruises’ bottom line than the limited advertising campaign. 4. Should Health Cruises consider cutting its prices for this trip? Why or why not? What other factors could impact the go/no-go decision in addition to the break even? Since even with the ambitious advertising complain there is a distinct possibility that the cruise will be short of its full capacity by 60 passengers, the cutting cruise prices may provide an increase in the profit beyond expected $15,500 (with the ambitious advertising campaign) due to more ticket sold. Assuming that it is possible to sign up additional 100 passengers if the ambitious advertising campaign also offers reduced ticket prices, we can calculate that the minimum average ticket price that that passengers should pay and still provide for the $15,500 profit: MinTicketPrice = ($35,000 + $15,000 + $15,500) / 100 + $200 = $855, where $35,000 is loss as November 14th, $15,000 is the advertising campaign cost, $15,500 is the minimum profit, and $200 is cost per passenger. Ideally the cruise profit could be maximized by adjusting the ticket price in response to demand and supply. However, even if additional tickets are offered outright at an average price of $1,200 (a 20% discount) in order to generate enough demand to sell the remaining 100 tickets the cruise earnings can be calculated as follow: EBIT = (200 * $1300) + (100 * $1000) – ($295,000 + $15,000) = $50,000. Note that $200 cost for passenger is deducted from ticket prices in the above calculation. The only risk with such a price reduction is that the reduced price would not be able to generate enough demand to sell all remaining 100 tickets. However, the cruise still would break even if 50 tickets are sold at an average price of $1,200 and the cruise profit would exceed the target $15,500 if more than 65 tickets are sold at this reduced price. A 20% price reduction is just an example to drive the point. The Health Cruises management may have some marketing data to help to come with a more appropriate number. It does not appear that there are any factors (even the break even should not be a factor with 200 tickets sold and $295,000 spent) other than a bad business practice that could impact the go/no-go decision. Health Cruises, Inc. Health Cruises, Inc. packages cruises to Caribbean islands such as Martinique and the Bahamas. Like conventional cruises, the packages are designed to be fun. But the cruise is structured to help participants become healthier by breaking old habits, such as smoking and overeating. The Miami-based firm was conceived by Susan Isom, 30, a self-styled innovator and entrepreneur. Prior to this venture, she had spent several years in North Carolina promoting a behavior-modification clinic. Isom determined that many people were very concerned about developing good health habits, yet they seemed unable to break away from their old habits because of the pressures of day-to-day living. She reasoned that they might have a chance for much greater success in a pleasant and socially supportive environment, where good health habits were fostered. Accordingly, she established Health Cruises, Inc. , hired 10 consulting psychologists and health specialists to develop a program, and chartered a ship. DeForrest Young, a Miami management consultant, became the chairperson of Health Cruises. Seven of Isom’s business associates contributed an initial capital outlay totaling more than $250,000. Of this amount, $65,000 went for the initial advertising budget, $10,000 for other administrative expenses, and $220,000 for the ship rental and crew. Mary Porter, an overweight Denver schoolteacher, has signed up to sail on a two-week cruise to Nassau, departing December 19. She and her shipmates will pay an average of $1,500 for the voyage. The most desirable staterooms cost $2,200. Mary learned of the cruise by reading the travel section of her Sunday newspaper on October 16. On that date, the Pittsford and LaRue Advertising Agency placed promotional notices for the cruise in several major metropolitan newspapers. Mary was fascinated by the idea of combining therapy sessions with swimming, movies, and an elegant atmosphere. Pittsford and LaRue account executive Carolyn Sukhan originally estimated that 300 people would sign up for the cruise after reading the October 16 ads, but as of November 14 only 200 had done so. Isom and Health Cruises, Inc. faced an important decision. â€Å"Here’s the situation as I see,† explained a disturbed Ms. Isom at the Health Cruises board meeting. â€Å"We’ve already paid out more than a quarter of a million to get this cruise rolling. It’s going to cost us roughly $200 per passenger for the two weeks, mostly for food. Pittsford and LaRue predicted that 300 people would respond to the advertising campaign, but we’ve only got 200. I see three basic options: (1) we cancel the cruise and take our losses; (2) we run the cruise with the 200 and a few more that will trickle in over the next month, or (3) we shell some more money and hope that we will pull in more people. My recommendation to the board is that we try to recruit more passengers. There are simply too many empty rooms on that ship. Each one costs us a bundle. † At this point, Carolyn Sukhan addressed the board: â€Å"I’ve worked out two possible advertising campaigns for the November 20 papers. The first, the limited campaign, will cost $6,000. I estimate that it will bring in some 20 passengers. The more ambitious campaign, which I personally recommend, would cost $15,000. I believe this campaign will bring in a minimum of 40 passengers. I realize our first attempt was somewhat disappointing, but we’re dealing here with a new concept, and a follow-up ad might work with many newspaper readers who were curious and interested when they read our first notice. † â€Å"One thing is absolutely certain,† Sukhan emphasized. â€Å"We must act immediately if there’s any hope of getting more people on board. The deadline for the Sunday papers is in less than 48 hours. If our ads don’t appear by this weekend, you can forget it. No one signs up in early December for a December 18 sailing date. Isom interrupted, shaking her head. â€Å"I just don’t know what to say. I’ve looked over Carolyn’s proposals and they’re excellent, absolutely first-rate. But our one problem, to be blunt, is money. Our funds are tight and our investors are already nervous. I get more calls each day, asking me where the 300 passengers are. It won’t be easy to squeeze another $6,000 out o f these people. And to ask them for $15,000 – well, I just don’t know how we’re going to be able to justify it. †

Accutane essays

Accutane essays When talking about accutane, not many people are aware of what it is. Accutane is basically a Vitamin A derivative given as an oral medication for the treatment or significant cystic acne (Kunin 1). It was developed in 1982 and used to clear up severe acne. You may have some severe side effects while taking this medication. Many dermatologists give this prescription to patients who have tried prescription medicines, over the counter medicines, and face washes but all of them have failed. Some vitamin A preparations like Retin A can help keep glands clear to a point. More advanced cases require oral medications. They help control the bacteria but they have anti-inflammatory properties, which are really whats most important. A lot of people wonder how this medicine works. Nobody is 100% sure of how it stops acne, but it does. It does reduce the size of the sebaceous glands. Now there is some question as to whether sufferers of acne have particularly large sebaceous glands, or whether they are being shrunk smaller then they should. Being a Vitamin A compound, it promotes the regeneration of skin cells. Unfortunately this not only improves the standard of your skin, but also causes flakiness. It also has some anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory benefits, that prevent skin infections and reduce swollen spots, said Kunin (1). Birth defects are the most serious consequence of taking Accutane. Accutane will only affect a developing fetus. It will not effect any reproductive organs. A lot of people worry about this and decide not to take it, but it doesn't effect having children in the future. You shouldn't get pregnant while on Accutane or 30 days after taking Accutane. It can cause head or heart problems in a developing fetus. The FDA and a respectable dermatologist will insist that any woman or teen capable of having children be on 2 methods of contraception, and have one ...

Israels Wall essays

Israel's Wall essays Israel began building a barrier through its country for the fear of a Palestinian attack, namely suicide bombers. This combination fence and wall is planned to run more than 200 miles forming a separation barrier between Israel and the West Bank of Palestine. Israel claims this wall is necessary to stop bombings, but is being called an apartheid wall by the Palestinians, and is linked to the aggression and oppression of the Berlin Wall. Palestinians are complaining the wall cuts deep into its land, and many problems are arising, such as the citizens troubles: as many as 400,000 Palestinians are harmed by the barrier, as it cuts families off from their villages, jobs, fields, hospitals, and relatives. Also, many Palestinians find themselves in a bizarre no man's land separated from their village by the wall and fence, and enclosed by more fences that cut them off from the Israeli settlements. An example they give of someone living in this no mans land is of Hanni Omar, whose house is completely enclosed by 25 feet concrete and wire fences. To get to his own farm, or send his children to school, Hanni has to travel 30 feet to unlock a gate in the fence the Israeli officials constructed. He is quoted by saying, Not only do I live in a jail, but I am my own jailor. Everyday, Palestinians come to Hannis gate and beg him to unlock it so they can go through. He always refuses however, recalling that the soldiers would destroy his house if he ever let anyone, apart from his own family pass through. On the other side of the wire fence lives an old neighbor of Hanni. They used to be quite friendly to each other, but since the fences were constructed, they hardly ever have a chance to socialize anymore. On an early morning, Hanni and his 4-year-old son planted a row of 20 trees between his house and the wall. They hoped someday that the trees would grow and block out the sight of the awful wall. Hanni doe...

Free Essays on An Observation

I observed a 4-year old program. A. When I got there they were eating lunch and they all seemed to be very active there were 3 boys that were quite riled up and the teacher handled it by splitting them up and just talking in a quiet voice. They then lined up after eating and emptied their trays and milk cartons and walked to their lockers and put their lunch bags in them, by themselves. When we got to the classroom they had a bit of free play time and I observed quite a bit of sharing and cooperating for the most part. And they all cleaned up after themselves. When the teacher sang the clean up song. They then got out their carpets (pieces of carpet that had their names on the back) and put them on the floor and sat on them waiting for the teacher to start circle time. They did the calendar by having the leader come up and point to the numbers on it and they then told him what number came next. Next they said the days of the week and counted the children. After counting the children the teacher held up owls with a c hild's name on it and the children knew almost all the names by recognizing the letters in the name. After that was all done they read a weekly reader. This was very interesting they were able to pick out the right fire truck on the pages when the teacher said the name of it. And listened very attentively. They then colored and played some more and the ones who were coloring colored firedogs to bring to the fire station with them when they went. I watched as the children played and decided what they wanted to do. Some wanted to play with blocks and others wanted to play house, and they were asking others to play with them. This classroom was very open and not very demanding. I thought that the children had a lot of fun while playing and learned a lot also. Like for instance they learned the important rules of fire safety because the teacher had set up a fire station work area. And also by playing together with blocks or... Free Essays on An Observation Free Essays on An Observation I observed a 4-year old program. A. When I got there they were eating lunch and they all seemed to be very active there were 3 boys that were quite riled up and the teacher handled it by splitting them up and just talking in a quiet voice. They then lined up after eating and emptied their trays and milk cartons and walked to their lockers and put their lunch bags in them, by themselves. When we got to the classroom they had a bit of free play time and I observed quite a bit of sharing and cooperating for the most part. And they all cleaned up after themselves. When the teacher sang the clean up song. They then got out their carpets (pieces of carpet that had their names on the back) and put them on the floor and sat on them waiting for the teacher to start circle time. They did the calendar by having the leader come up and point to the numbers on it and they then told him what number came next. Next they said the days of the week and counted the children. After counting the children the teacher held up owls with a c hild's name on it and the children knew almost all the names by recognizing the letters in the name. After that was all done they read a weekly reader. This was very interesting they were able to pick out the right fire truck on the pages when the teacher said the name of it. And listened very attentively. They then colored and played some more and the ones who were coloring colored firedogs to bring to the fire station with them when they went. I watched as the children played and decided what they wanted to do. Some wanted to play with blocks and others wanted to play house, and they were asking others to play with them. This classroom was very open and not very demanding. I thought that the children had a lot of fun while playing and learned a lot also. Like for instance they learned the important rules of fire safety because the teacher had set up a fire station work area. And also by playing together with blocks or...

A research proposal for a research project in the area of management Essay

A research proposal for a research project in the area of management - Essay Example In the current competitive business world, leaders or managers are looking for making employees productive in order to improve organizational performance. Effective leadership and management styles have become the significant tools for improving the internal operations, responding rapidly to external opportunities, streamlining the product development or management, achieving technological breakthroughs and managing challenges in the business environment. There has been an extensive body of research exploring the issue of effective leadership and management styles employed in the current business environment to improve organizational performance (Armstrong 2009; Yukl, 2012). Researchers have realized the significant of successful business operations through employing effective leadership management style in the current competitive business environment (Darling and Heller, 2012). Therefore, this research proposal seeks to offer an analysis on the way organizations can create change th rough employing effective leadership and management styles; thus achieving effective business performance. ... Research Questions 1. To what extent do effective leadership and management styles affect workers task performance? 2. How do effective leadership and management styles influence organizational change? 3. What is the relationship between effective leadership and management styles and employee job satisfaction? 4. How effective leadership and management styles do contribute to increased organizational performance level? Hypotheses Effective leadership and management styles employed in a particular organisation contributes to job satisfaction, increased productivity and influences wok performance as opposed to lack of effective leadership management styles in another organization. Literature Review Varied literatures have attempted to examine the way effective leadership and management styles have contributed to significant organizational performance in an organization. The Relationship between Effective Leadership and Management Styles and Employees Job Satisfaction Effective leadersh ip and management styles have been linked with workers contentment. Schoemaker, Krupp and Howland (2013, p. 132) argue that employing effective leadership management roles contributes to employee satisfaction. This is crucial because satisfied employees can work together as a team toward increasing organizational productivity. The connection between organizational management styles and labor contentment cannot be overstated. This is because effective match between management styles and organizational operation realities can substantially lead to high level of performance. Raes, Heijltjes, Glunk and Roe (2011, p. 103) add that management is considered as one of the significant

How the Term Atheist Is Being Used in a Contemporary Media Article Essay

How the Term Atheist Is Being Used in a Contemporary Media Article - Essay Example But, they do have a belief that there is an existence of god but the activities of god in operating the world dynamics are negligible. The concept of negative atheism is a midpoint between the two poles of pure atheism and anti-atheism. However, the overall concept of Atheism is based upon the belief on the existence of god rather than having the knowledge and evidence of the existence of god. This knowledge-based concept is also called as agnosticism. Brief History The historical evidences of atheism are not found until the seventeenth century. However, the French Enlightenment of sixteenth century may have some clues associated with the beginning of the concept of Atheism, but in essence the true evidence of Atheism are indicated by the historians in the mid of seventeenth century. Some historians argue that the modern day concept of atheism is the one which is narrow in its meanings. This narrow meaning of atheism (i.e. non-existence of god) established in seventeenth century, but prior to it, the more general and broader meanings of atheism did exist. Due to lack of appropriate synonyms, the word atheism was kept being used in its broader meanings such that the concept of non-existence of god was ignored in its usage. ... An article written by Marybeth Hicks in Washington Times published on June 5, 2012 also places an emphasis on this increasing trend. The author is a strong supporter for promoting freedom for religion in American society which is effectively on a declining trend as per author’s point of views. The major concern to the author is that American society especially the young generation is being moved away from the religion by strong atheist lobbies. America came into being with the intent to flourish and develop such a society where everyone would be allowed to practice the religion with absolute freedom. But in the recent times, the atheist groups have conducted a massive activity to make America â€Å"free of religion† rather than â€Å"free for religion†. In this way, the increasing activities of atheist groups have effectively made it extremely difficult for the people not only to practice their religions but also to have their say on religious beliefs. The empiri cal research of the author shows that young generation is changing their religious beliefs to atheism with a brisk pace such that around 30 to 40 percent of youth is converting as compared to a generation ago when this percentage was merely 5 to 10 percent. This is something very dangerous to those who believe in religious freedom because there is huge amount of concerns that once the ratio of atheists starts to increase more, there is a likelihood that they will gain more power and thus effectively cause abstinence to practice religions. For this, the author has asked the supporters of religious freedom to join hand and take out the rallies for preservation and protection of religious freedom across the country in

The name of the organizational event, topic or company you choose for Research Paper

The name of the organizational event, topic or company you choose for this and Power Point - Research Paper Example It has managed to beat top companies like Apple and IBM after the organization restructuring. In addressing the organization change, the paper uses model and theories to strengthen the company’s organization change analysis. The sustainability of the company has been one of its central concerns since its establishment. Due to effective organization change, Samsung Group has become the largest brand in consumer electronics. The company is today a multinational conglomerate, with its headquarters in Seoul, South Korea and specifically in Samsung Town. Through the chairmanship of Lee Kun-Hee, Samsung Group managed implement a reform plan, which includes structural overhaul as well as personnel reshuffle. The organization change of the company involves efforts to eliminate any cases of corruption, poor leadership, quality improvement, increased productivity, and increased profitability among other objectives. Other than the personnel reshuffling and the structural overhaul, the company saw Lee Kun-Hee leave his position due to tax evasion changes as well as breach of trust. The organization change also led to the disappearance of the strategic planning office for the company (TRIBUNE NEWS SERVICES). This change contributed to great innovation and inventions in both computer and phone technologies. Like any other focused business organization, the organization changes in Samsung Group were meant to make the company survive, grow, and boost innovation abilities. The rapid change in the global business environment, changes in consumer preferences, and advancements in technology are some of the key motivators for organization change by Samsung. Changes in business environment and the world in general make it difficult to predict the future, due to the numerous opportunities as well as pitfalls that pass by every moment. Typically, organization change is part of an

Colonialism in Ukraine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Colonialism in Ukraine - Essay Example As the study outlines that the Ukrainan Hetman BohdanKhmelnytsky signed a treaty with Muscovy which had the effect of causing Ukraine to lose its independence and engage in a colonial unification with Russia that was to eventually last for over 300 years. According to the Soviet propaganda that was spread after the signing of this treaty, the PereyaslavskaRada essentially crowned the constant strife by the Ukrainian people that wished to eventually be together with the Russian people. In the same vein, the Ukrainian Hetman Khmelnytsky was regarded by the propaganda as being the treaty’s principle architect and was as such as the champion and hero of the unbreakable union. However, despite the rosy acclaim that the PereyaslavskaRada and Khmelnytsky received from the Soviet propaganda, Khmelnytsky was regarded by some as having been a traitor to Ukraine’s national interests while others still regarded him as being a victim of the devious policies that were being enforced by Russia. From this study it is clear that Russia’s colonies such as Ukraine did not generally take the form of the colonies obtained by other countries as the United Kingdom. As opposed to the coloniesoftoehrcountries, Russia’s colonies were not overseas possessions that were populated by people with different cultures and different skin colors. When Russia colonized Ukraine, its treatment of Ukraine is seen to have been rather paradigmatic for how it treated all its colonies that it usually referred to as its near-abroads. When Ukraine was colonized by Russia, it was officially not recognized as having a separate nationality, instead, Russia moved to ban the usage of the Ukrainian language and stopped Ukrainian children from being taught the language in school. In addition to tis the Ukrainian churches were all force to comply with the orthodox Russian religious norms or go underground.

Finacial & legal aspecat of procurement Assignment

Finacial & legal aspecat of procurement - Assignment Example nstruction of structures, fixing of electronics and navigation devices, maintenance of auxiliary systems, technical support to engineers and other shipyard services depend on the available specialized labor. Structural developments take the biggest chunk of labor expense followed outfit and furnishings because they are done virtually on a daily basis. Another cost driver is the purchase of materials (Moelmann & Harris, pg30). Fixing of electrical appliances cost the company heavily due to the high cost of purchasing special devices such as adaptors, which are very critical in navigation and propulsion. Materials increase overhead costs due to the ever-changing prices of imported appliances and accessories. The accounting office can hardly obtain a definite estimate of the overhead costs to be incurred on product accessories and appliance in all accounting phase. Most of the purchased materials are imported from Japan and Germany. The fluctuating world prices shift the costs from time to time making it quite impossible to project the actual cost of materials. Propulsion materials have a high depreciation rate due to the busy schedule of the transport company in all the segments in deals in. In shipping and land courier services, the expense is high on oil and engine spare parts. The cost of petrol, gearbox replacements is high and almost a fixed cost because it is the only available method of propulsion. For shipping high capacity, diesel engines are expensive to repair and the oil prices keep rising regardless of the increase in the cost of different engine models. In the last financial period, the company had to purchase more spare parts for the ship engines and 20 more courier vans to serve on the land segment. The overall cost of the company doubled even when the cost of technical support, auxiliary systems, and electrical appliances remained the same. This significantly affected the profit margin going down at its lowest in a decade. Fees and insurance has

Colonialism in Ukraine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Colonialism in Ukraine - Essay Example As the study outlines that the Ukrainan Hetman BohdanKhmelnytsky signed a treaty with Muscovy which had the effect of causing Ukraine to lose its independence and engage in a colonial unification with Russia that was to eventually last for over 300 years. According to the Soviet propaganda that was spread after the signing of this treaty, the PereyaslavskaRada essentially crowned the constant strife by the Ukrainian people that wished to eventually be together with the Russian people. In the same vein, the Ukrainian Hetman Khmelnytsky was regarded by the propaganda as being the treaty’s principle architect and was as such as the champion and hero of the unbreakable union. However, despite the rosy acclaim that the PereyaslavskaRada and Khmelnytsky received from the Soviet propaganda, Khmelnytsky was regarded by some as having been a traitor to Ukraine’s national interests while others still regarded him as being a victim of the devious policies that were being enforced by Russia. From this study it is clear that Russia’s colonies such as Ukraine did not generally take the form of the colonies obtained by other countries as the United Kingdom. As opposed to the coloniesoftoehrcountries, Russia’s colonies were not overseas possessions that were populated by people with different cultures and different skin colors. When Russia colonized Ukraine, its treatment of Ukraine is seen to have been rather paradigmatic for how it treated all its colonies that it usually referred to as its near-abroads. When Ukraine was colonized by Russia, it was officially not recognized as having a separate nationality, instead, Russia moved to ban the usage of the Ukrainian language and stopped Ukrainian children from being taught the language in school. In addition to tis the Ukrainian churches were all force to comply with the orthodox Russian religious norms or go underground.

Epistemology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Epistemology - Essay Example Different idealists have a different perception regarding how the substance is dependent on the consciousness. Therefore there are many diverse types of idealism. Subjective idealism is mainly simple and it can be said that this type of idealism is the most popular type of idealism. These idealists believe that substance is formed from the rational elements of the mind which examine it. For example, the feeling spectators have when going through a number of sensations is all that there actually is to those sensations. Subjective idealism might look a bit odd although there is the existence of definite reasoning behind it. Absolute idealism is the belief that the reality of tangible things rely on one fundamental psychological reality and not on the psychological elements of each person as an observer. These idealists believe that there is only one fundamental mental or holy object or standard whose psychological action and element strengthens the continuation of the tangible world. P luralistic idealism is a belief that numerous individual minds exist and jointly they motivate the subsistence of the world. They believe that person mind is the main foundation of reality.The term idealism was first coined by Leibniz (1646-1716), he used this term to while talking about the philosophy of Plato. However, in the history, this term normally signifies a time period from the end of the 1700s till the initial years of the next century. In actuality, idealism has a much wider historical scale.

Justice, Crime and Ethics Essay Example for Free

Justice, Crime and Ethics Essay Justice is mainly concerned with the appropriate ordering of persons and things within the society. Thus when one is aggrieved by another person, he or she is supposed to seek justice to be administered on the person who has violated the rights of the other. Thus the person whose rights are violated is not supposed to take law on his hands and punish the person who has violated his rights but is supposed to seek justice from competent bodies in the land which have the mandate of administering justice. This is very important to the society as it enables the members of the society to live in harmony and to have standard means by which they can seek legal redress (McCarthy, McCarthy, 2001). Crime can be regarded as actions that lead to the violation of the set rules and regulations which have been set by the government. A crime can also arise as a result of a person’s behavior deviating from the prevailing norms as set by cultural standards which stipulate the manner in which the behavior of human being ought to be. When a crime is committed to a person in respect to personal or private rights a civil crime is said to have taken place whereas when the nature of the crime is that which violates public law then a criminal offence is said to have taken place. For the society to live in an orderly manner there is need for existence of laws that govern the conduct of its members so that no member of the society has his rights violated and in case they are violated then there should be competent means by which they are addressed (McCarthy, McCarthy, 2001). Read more:Â  Justice Denied is Justice Delayed Ethics basically refers to a situation where one feels under duty to behave morally, in so doing a person avoids acting in a manner that is likely to cause harm to other people within the society. Actions which are ethically motivated results into a situation where majority of the society members are affected by such decisions in positive way. Ethics addresses the determination of moral values, how it is possible to attain the desired moral outcomes, how moral agency or capacity develops in certain situations and the kind of moral values that members of the society should abide by (McCarthy, McCarthy, 2001). The criminal justice process is a procedure through which the person who is responsible for violating the laws of the land is actually sued in order to determine whether the alleged person actually committed the offence as claimed by the plaintiff. This is usually done in a court of law where the defendant is given a chance to defend himself. The court then determines whether the defendant is guilty or not before passing its judgment (McCarthy, McCarthy, 2001).

3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-Propenoic Acid Synthesis

3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-Propenoic Acid Synthesis Antimicrobial activity of Co (II) complex of 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid and sonochemical synthesis of nanoscale mixed –ligand EDA coordination for preparation of CoCl2.6H2O anoparticle Abstract 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid abbreviated as EDA was synthesized and characterized. Co (II) metal complex of this ligand prepared by reaction of chloride salt with EDA in dry acetonitrile. Phenolic compounds (a group of secondary metabolites) are widely distributed in plants and have shown to possess antimicrobial properties. Antibacterial activity was studied for ligand and its metal complex. This complex were tested for their antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Escherichia coli comparatively with that of free ligand. Differential response to phenolic compounds was observed among bacteria. Also this complex was synthesized in Nano-scale and was characterized by SEM, XDR (X- Ray powder diffraction). Antibacterial activity of complex and nano- material were studied and compared with each other. Keywords: 3, 4-dihydroxy benzene acrylic acid, Cu (II) and Co (II) complexes, Antibacterial activity, nano- scale Introduction Acrylic acid or hydroxycinnamic acid compounds are widely distributed in the plants. They usually exist number of them exist as free acids in nature [4, 5, 6].Much work has been realized by bioinorganic as well as medicinal chemists to launch the relationship between the metal ions and their complexes as antimicrobial agents [7-8]. Phenolic compounds are secondary plant metabolites and naturally present in almost all plant materials, including food products of plant origin. These compounds are thought to be an integral part of both human and animal diets [13]. The chemical structure of phenolic acids shows that they are simple phenols. Hydroxycinnamic acid is the major subgroup of phenolic compounds [11,12]. Hydroxycinnamates are phenylpropanoid metabolites and occur widely in plants[4],and plant products[2]. Hydroxycinnamates and their derivatives are bioactive plant food ingredients. The other natural ligand from plants such as alkaloids compound also can be used in synthesis of m etal complex [1]. Nanophasic and nanostructured materials are attracting a great deal of attention because of their potential for achieving specific processes and selectivity, especially in biological and pharmaceutical applications [3]. Nanoparticles are made of natural or artificial polymers ranging [10].In particular, those conjugated with biological moieties have enormous potential in drug delivery and therapeutic applications. In fact, much progress has been achieved in the past ten years based on inorganic nanomaterials [9]. In this context we have undertaken the antimicrobial evaluation of Co (II) complex of 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid. For this purpose the in vitro susceptibility of tow gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes) and tow gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli) to the synthesized compounds was investigated. Materials and Methods Synthesis of the metal complex; General Method 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid, cobalt chloride was Merck chemicals and was used without further purification. Organic solvents were reagent grade. Electronic spectra were recorded by Camspec UV–Visible spectrophotometer model Perkin Elmer Lambda 25. The IR spectra were recorded using FT-IR Bruker Tensor 27 spectrometer. 1H- NMR was recorded on a Bruker AVANCE DRX 500 spectrometer at 500 and 125MHz respectively. All the chemical shifts are quoted in ppm using the high-frequency positive convention; 1H -NMR spectra were referenced to external SiMe4. The percent composition of elements was obtained from the Microanalytical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of tarbiyatmoallem, Tehran. A solution of metal salt dissolved in acetonitrile added a dually to a stirred acetonitrile solution of the ligand (EDA), in the molar ratio 1:1 (metal: ligand). The reaction mixture was further stirred for 4-5h to ensure of the completing and precipitation of the formed complexes. Finally, the complexes dried in vacuum desiccators over anhydrous CaCl2. Microorganisms and culture media The following microorganisms were used in this study to test antimicrobial activity of complex. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus were kindly provided by (anistitue pastor ). The strains were maintained on PD3 agar at 26oC. For long- term storage, glycerol stocks of microorganisms were prepared in the corresponding growth media with a final glycerol concentration of 12%. The bacterial glycerol stocks were quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80oC. In-vitro anti-bacterial activity All methodology and steps were followed according to diffusion disk method. An inoculum of 0.5 McFarland standard (1.5*108 cfu/ml) was applied on Mueller Hintonagar (a depth of 4 mm in a petridish of 100 mm diameter) [14]. Maximum 6 discs were applied on each plate and they were incubated at 37  °C for 24 hours. Zone of inhibition was measured including the disc diameter (6mm). Preparation of nanoparticles Co nanocrystallites were prepared by the reaction of C9H8O4 with [Co (C9H7O4)] Cl2 in THF as solvent under ultrasound power. Then the suspension was irradiated for 1h with a high- density ultrasonic probe immersed directly into the solution under various conditions. A maltiwave ultrasonic generator ( sonicator – 3000: Italstructure MPD 3000). The samples were characterized with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with gold coating. Results and Discussions Structural description of the complex The reaction of Co(II) salt with the ligand, EDA, results in the formation of [ML] for M=Co (II). complex is quite stable and could be stored without any appreciable change. The EDA ligand and the [Co(C9H6O4)]Cl2.2H2O complex have 223-225 °C and 195-198 °C melting point respectively also complex is insoluble in common organic solvents, such as n-hexane and dichloromethane. However, that is soluble in DMSO, ethanol and DMF. its structure was characterized by elemental analysis, 1H-NMR and IR. Their elemental analyses are in accord with their proposed formula. The spectral data of the complexes have good relationship with the literature data. Fig.1. Structure of the ligand, EDA. Analysis of [ Co ( C9H6O4 )] Cl2.2H2O (EDACC): Dark Blue crystals; yield 86% . elemental analyses, 1:1 metal to ligand stoicheiometry is assigned to all the chelates ( table 1). Table1: Elemental analyses data on the caffeic acid and its Co (II) complex. (31.40) (1.74) (17.15) 1H-NMR: (à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ ¤ ppm DMSO, 500MHz): 5, 97-7.21 [5H, 2q, aroma]; 11.91 [1H, s, acid); 8.98-9,36[2H, s, alkene]. IR absorptions(cm-1 KBr): 1620 (C=C), 972 (=C-H), 1352 (C-O), 574 (Co-O) and 456 (Co-Cl).The electronic spectral data of the complex in acetonitrile are presented in table 2. there are one peak in spectrum of ligand which can be assigned to ÃŽ  Ã¢â€ â€™ÃŽ  * transition. The electronic complex shows a broad band at 680 nm attributable to the 4T1g ( F ) →4 A2g ( F) and the other one at 640- 550 nm attributable to the 4T1g ( F ) →4T1g ( P ) transition for Co ( II ) ion . table 2: Electronic spectra of caffeic acid and its Co(II) complex in nm Raman shift (cm1): 500 à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨ Co-O), 325 (Co-Cl), 975(C-H), 1618à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨C=C), 1189à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨C-O) (Fig.2.Left). Fig.2. Structure of Co (II) complex with ligand, EDA. In-vitro anti-bacterial activity The mean diameters of microbial growth inhibited by different complexes are shown in Table 4. All complexes had antimicrobial activity. Inhibition zones larger than 5mm indicated that antimicrobial activity. The data obtained by the disk diffusion method showed that all complexes have antibacterial activity. Among the bacteria, Escherichia coli was the most sensitive bacteria both ligand and complex [Co(C9H7O4)]Cl2 Normal- scale had antibacterial effect on this bacteria , whereas only ligand C9H8O4 had antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Ligand C9H8O4 and complex [Co (C9H7O4)] Cl2( Normal- scale) had not any effect against Staphylococcus aureus. Table 4. Zone of growth inhibition of the test compounds against the bacteria Complex [Co (C9H7O4)]Cl2 ( Normal– scale), had more antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (14mm) . Complex [Co(C9H7O4)]Cl2 (Nano – scale), had less activity against Staphylococcus aureus (5mm). From these results it may be concluded that there is not any accordance between normal – scale and nano- scale from the antibacterial activity aspect. The antimicrobial activity of complexes demonstrated in this study can be added to the already known beneficial biological properties of these compounds to the human health. Nanoparticle study XRD pattern of mixture of caffeic acid andCoCl2 .6H2O prepared by the ultrasonic process is given in Fig. 4. The diffraction peaks accord with the amorphous crystal system. Fig.4. The XRD pattern of the mixture of caffeic acid and 6H2O .CoCl2 The SEM micrographs of nanostructure are shown in Fig. 5. The nanoparticles show a low degree of crystalline with no defined peaks in the XRD pattern. Fig. 5. SEM images of complex [Co (C9H7O4)]Cl2 The IR spectrum of Co (II) nanostructure (Fig.5) shows the absorption pesk at 574 648 are assigned to the à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ µ(Co-O) modes, which confirms the formation of Co (II) nanostructure. It has been reported that the negative charge on the cell surface of Gram-negative bacteria was higher than on Gram-positive bacteria (Chunget al., 2004). Due to a higher negative charge on cell surface, the interaction between Gram-negative bacteria and nanoparticles was definitely stronger than that of Gram-positive bacteria. Moreover, results showed that Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to Co (II) nanoparticles. Fig.6. IR Spectrum of complex [Co (C9H7O4)] Cl2 Acknowledgments We gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Research Council of Ardabil Islamic Azad University and many technical supports that provided by Ardabil University of. edical Sciences References [1] A.H. Osman, (Synthesis and characterization of cobalt (II) and nickel (II) complexes of some  Schiff bases derived from 3-hydrazino-6-methyl [1, 2, 4] triazin-5(4H) one) Transition Met. Chem, 2006, 31, 35. [2] Clifford, 1999 M.N. Clifford, Chlorogenic acids and other cinnamates: nature, occurrence and dietary burden, J. Sci. Food Agric. 79 (1999), pp. 362–372. [3] Brigger, I., C. Dubernet, and P. Couvreur. 2002. Nanoparticles in cancer therapy and diagnosis. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 54:631–651 [4] Herrmann, K. Occurrence and content of hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acid compounds in foods. Crit. Rev. Food Sci.Nutr. 1989, 28, 315-347 [5] Herrmann, K. Contents of principle plant phenols in fruits. Fluess. Obst 1992, 59, 66-70. [6] Herrmann, K. Phenolcarboxylic acids in plant foods and their antioxidative activity. Gordian 1993, 93, 92-96. [7] M.J. Seven and L. A. Johnson, Metal Binding in Medicine, Lippincott Co, Philadelphia, PA, 4ta Ed (1960). [8] A. J. Crowe, Metal-Based Antitumor Drugs, Vol. 1, Freund, London, 1989, p. 103 [9] Gong, J., Hu, X., Wong, K., Zheng, Z., Yang, L., Lau,W., Du,R. Chitosan Nanostructures with Controllable Morphology Produced by a Nonaqueous Electrochemical Approach. Advanced materials. 2008, 20, 2111–2115. [10] Kreuter, J. (2001). Nanoparticulate systems for brain delivery of drugs. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 47, 65–81. [11] C. Sanchez-Moreno, J.A. Larrauri and F. Saura-Calixto, A procedure to measure the antiradical efficiency of polyphenols, J. Sci. Food Agric. 76 (1998), pp. 270–276. [12] Z. Sroka and W. Cisowski, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging, antioxidant and anti-radical activity of some phenolic acids, Food Chem. Toxicol. 41 (2003), pp. 753–758. [13] E. Psomiadou and M. Tsimidou, Stability of virgin olive oil. 1. Autoxidation studies, J. Agric. Food Chem. 50 (2002), pp. 716–721. [14]WHO, Geneva (Sept. 1997). Manual on antimicrobial resistance and susceptibility testing. Diversion of emerging and other communicable diseases surveillance and control. WHO antimicrobial resistance monitoringprogramme.

Delaying Childbearing: Why it is Important to Have Children While in Co

Like many other women, I was raised in a family that repetitively told me that I needed to finish school before thinking about getting married, and definitely before having kids. This made sense when I became an adult, why not put all my focus into my schooling. Yet, for me that would mean that I would be in my early thirties when I finished school. This has become the norm for women to marry and have children in there 30s, then in years past, where they were in their early to mid-twenties. After completing my first bachelor’s degree, I got engaged; I was in a perfect place, and I was not going to hold off just so I could finish school. Now that I have been married for two years, successfully working and going to school, starting a family is important to me. If I were to follow what my parents told me, from this day, I would still have to wait 4-5 more years to finish school, and then start that family. Even though having kids in college could keep your from completing a degr ee, you should have children in college because delaying childbearing could affect fertility and the likelihood of pregnancy complications. College is perceived as a time for young adults to have fun, and having children before or during college would provide an obstacle of completing a college education. Four million college students have children, which is roughly 25 percent of all enrolled college students (Nelson, Froehner, and Gault 1). Although this is a large number, many students would prefer to focus on themselves. Today women face the dilemma of if they even would want to have children. Focuses on getting a degree, and starting a career is ever so important for many women to create their lives on. Waiting until you are settled in your career puts ... ...n in school has many problems, as well as advantages. First, the obvious reason is that having kids in college is a financial burden, along with the stresses of maintaining family life with college life. Secondly, many students that do have children while in school, unfortunately, do not finish their degree. Works Cited Balasch, Juan, and Eduard Gratacà ³s. "Delayed Childbearing: Effects On Fertility And The Outcome Of Pregnancy." Fetal Diagnosis & Therapy 29.4 (2011): 263-273. EBSCO MegaFILE. Web. 20 Apr. 2014. Cnattingius, Sven, et al. "Delayed childbearing and risk of adverse perinatal outcome: a population-based study." Jama 268.7 (1992): 886-890. Nelson, Bethany, Meghan Froehner, and Barbara Gault. College Students with Children Are Common and Face Many Challenges in Completing Higher Education. Mar: Institute For Women's Policy Research, Mar. 2013. PDF.

Balkans, History On Geographic :: essays research papers

The Balkan Peninsula has many physical features, but there are three main ones, they are the fact that it is a peninsula, its mountains, and its rivers. Within the Balkan Peninsula there are a good majority of ethnicities. There will be a majority of instances that the geography has helped or hindered certain peoples in the Balkans history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The mountains had a few of different effects on the early people living in the Balkan Peninsula. The mountains of this area, helped certain ethnic groups, and hurt others. The mountain made certain divisions among the land and caused the region to be split up into small units where distinct ethnic groups have been able to sustain themselves. These small units are not much bigger than the British Isles or the state of Texas, and homes a little over a dozen of prominent ethnic groups. The mountains are also considered a physical obstacle, because they obstruct regional combination, whether it be political, economic, or cultural. And the last effect it had on these people is that of the land. The land near the bottom of these mountains is a lot better then that of the top of it, so the groups that have been beaten in battle usually would take refuge up at the top, or it would be a punishment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The rivers in the Balkan Peninsula are basically short so there only use is from local inhabitants. If anything these rivers are a menace, because they cannot carry water traffic and they cut ravines which then in turn block travel along the coast. The one exception of this is the Danube river, which enters from the west, passes through the Hungarian plain, then flows to the south of the Slavic states, and finally exits out of Romania and into the Black sea on the east. Though this is a great help it also can also go the other way, due to the fact that in the summer the water becomes low and there are marshes that obstruct access to the rivers banks. This can slow trade and communication.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to certain theories there were multiple Indo-European groups that invaded the Balkans by using and introducing horses. They had to use horses due to the terrain. During the Rome’s rule many different ethnic groups periodically invaded the Balkans. The ethnic groups such as the Slavs who arrived in the third century and conquered the Bulgar had time to develop their culture, customs, and religions due to the mountains, which isolated them from many other peoples of the area.

A certain idea Essay

The â€Å"ports† are referring to new places that an individual should visit and see for the first time. Mother of pearl and the other precious stones and items are imageries of the important joyful moments in life and achievements; whether they are large moments like achieving a goal or just a small moment where something happens along your way to accomplishing your goals, they are all equally important and precious. The author states in the poem that Individuals should not let anything get in the way of achieving their goals and should never give up. â€Å"The Laistrygonians and the Cyclops, angry Poseidon† are allusions to three types of beings who are powerful and seeked to delay or destroy Odysseus on his return journey from Troy to Ithaca. . If an individual wanted to swim the channel but could not swim that would be their Cyclops or if a person wanted to be a singer but had a lisp that would be their angry Poseidon. Throughout Odysseus’ journey he encountered many challenges but he was determined to return to Ithaca and to his wife so he managed to overcome the challenges due to the fact that he was aware of what he wanted and did not let anything get in his way. This lesson transcends into everyday life as well, therefore the author is expressing that if an individual is aware of their goals in life they should be determined to achieve them. They should, like Odysseus, not let challenges and problems in life interfere with their ultimate aim to achieve their goals. An individual should not just give up as soon as a difficulty arises, â€Å"Do not fear them†, otherwise the individual will never get anywhere in life and later on will most likely feel some form of regret towards not attempting to get past the problem that arouse. The author clearly explains that if an attempt is made to overcome the problem, then it should not interfere with the goals due to the fact that this will lead to the individual ceasing to see them as a problem and see them more as another goal to complete, throughout the journey of life. â€Å"you will not meet them unless you carry them in your soul, unless your soul raise them up before you†, shows that as long as a person is thinking positively and is determined that anything can be achieved.

Life of Pablo Friere

Based on the demands of our educational system, our society is forced to conform to the level of education that they want us to be at. This educational distortion is beneficiary to the educator's realm and the way of governing education . We are seen as merely objects rather than subjects and are fed only facts/information that the educator only wants us to memorize not actually comprehend it or even ask questions or give our opinions to given facts/information. This is what makes the educator the oppressor and us the oppressed. Paulo Freire's â€Å"Pedogogy of the Oppressed† deals with the concept of oppression in the school system and suggests an alternative method of education. There is an absolute need for students to â€Å"Tear down the wall† (Pink Floyd) of conformity in education and express their individuality. Education in itself can be a contradiction. The teacher (oppressor), is there to educate/teach the student (oppressed) but is he really? As Freire indicates â€Å"Narration (with the teacher as narrator) leads the students to memorize mechanically the narrated content. Worse yet, it turns them into â€Å"containers,† â€Å"receptacles† to be â€Å"filled† by the teacher. The more completely she fills the receptacles, the better a teacher she is. The more meekly the receptacles permit themselves to be filled, the better students they are.† (67). He also goes on to say â€Å"Education thus becomes an act of depositing, in which the students are the depositories and the teacher is the depositor. Instead of communicating, the teacher issues communiques and makes deposits which the students patiently receive, memorize, and repeat.†(67), and he refers to this as the â€Å"banking system† where the student goes â€Å"only as far as receiving, filing, and storing the deposits.†(68). This â€Å"banking system† method of teaching, really is not teaching the student(oppressed), but rather they are given facts/information by the teacher(oppressor) that they do not fully understand, and so there really is no learning. Also the â€Å"banking concept† holds the student down because he is told what to learn, and he is not allowed to work to his full capacity. It is because if this that the student lacks â€Å"creativity, transformation, and knowledge in this (at best) misguided system.†(68). If this type of educational method keeps on, then there will be no change, therefore the minds will be filled with facts/information that the student will not always understand. This â€Å"banking concept† method of education also keeps a restraint to knowledge for the student to a certain level because it doesn't give the student initiative, motivation, and drive to actually go out and want to learn. In other words this isn't the way to go about education. As Freire states â€Å"This solution is not (nor can it be found in the banking concept. On the contrary, banking education maintains and even stimulates the contradiction through the following attitudes and practices, which mirror oppressive society as a whole:†(68). They are as follows: â€Å"(a) the teacher teaches and the students are taught (b) the teacher knows everything and the students know nothing (c) the teacher thinks and the students are thought about (d) the teacher talks and the students listen–meekly (e) the teacher disciplines and the students are disciplined (f) the teacher chooses and enforces his choice, and the students comply (g) the teacher acts and the students have the illusion of acting through the action of the teacher (h) the teacher chooses the program content, and the students (who were not consulted) adapt to it (i) the teacher confuses the authority of knowledge with his or her own professional authority, which she and he sets in opposition to the freedom of the students. (j) the teacher is the Subject of the learning process, while the pupils are mere objects.†(68-69). Freire suggest that the educational system use an alternative method of teaching. He calls this â€Å"problem posing† education. Freire goes on to say â€Å"Those truly committed to the banking concept in its entirety, adopting instead a concept of women and men as conscious beings, and consciousness intent upon the world. They must abandon the educational goal of deposit-making and replace it with the posing of the problems of human beings in their relations with the world. â€Å"Problem-posing† education, responding to the essence of consciousness-intentionality-rejects communiques and embodies communication.†(74). Freire suggests that the students(oppressed) must break free from this system of things and liberate themselves and free their minds. â€Å"Problem-posing† is an excellent way to break free from oppression in our educational system. Freire suggests that â€Å"Indeed, problem-posing education, which breaks with the vertical patterns characteristic of education, can fulfill its function as the practice of freedom to overcome the above contradiction.†(74). The oppressed, once free, experience their world, and as a result question it. This is where they break free from oppression and begin the journey to freedom from this restricted educational system that Freire calls â€Å"banking system†. Freire also mentions that â€Å"Problem-posing education, as a humanist and liberating praxis, posits as fundamental that the people subjected to domination must fight for their emancipation. To that end, it enables teachers and students to become Subjects to the educational process by overcoming authoritarianism and an alienating intellectualism; it also enables people to overcome their false perception of reality. The world-no longer something to be described with deceptive words-becomes the object of their transforming action by men and women which results in their humanization.†(79). In other words, based on the â€Å"banking concept†, students are told what to learn and expected to learn it. Being told what to learn creates a necessity to rely on an authoritative figure not only in school but also in life, and reject responsibility. This is what the â€Å"oppressors† want, the â€Å"oppressed† who rely on authority and reject responsibility because that puts everyone under some form of power, and the â€Å"oppressed† are then prepared for the next oppressor. The educational system needs â€Å"problem-posing† methods of teaching because it makes the student becomes a critical thinker, and not only that but no longer becomes an object but rather a being who can share ideas with the teacher. In that fashion of education the teacher could also learn from the student and all can give different input on a given subject. This would allow each student to break the mold and become individual thinkers who can express their knowledge in different ways. Overall the methods used for teaching are very inadequate. Instead of telling the students what is to be memorized, the teachers should apply problem-posing techniques to get the students learning themselves. Once this teaching method can be applied, students shouldn't actually just rely on the facts/information given to them but rather go out and seek and find out for themselves the truth and reality of all things. Everyone Is able to share their ideas and can learn from each other. I feel that Paulo Freire does an excellent job in making us aware of the reality of things in our educational system. I agree with the fact that we should have more of the problem-posing method of teaching, because it will not only involve us and make our ideas heard but will actually expand our way of thinking.